You cannot select more than 25 topics
Topics must start with a letter or number, can include dashes ('-') and can be up to 35 characters long.
239 lines
9.0 KiB
Plaintext
239 lines
9.0 KiB
Plaintext
{smcl}
|
|
{* 17Feb2007}{...}
|
|
{hline}
|
|
help for {hi:prvalue}{right:17Feb2007}
|
|
{hline}
|
|
|
|
{title:Predicted values with confidence intervals for regression models}
|
|
|
|
{p 8 15 2}{cmd:prvalue} [{cmd:if} exp] [{cmd:in} range] [{cmd:,}
|
|
{cmd:x(}{it:variables_and_values}{cmd:)}
|
|
{cmdab:r:est(}{it:stat}{cmd:)}
|
|
{cmd:all}
|
|
{cmdab:l:evel(}{it:#}{cmd:)}
|
|
{cmdab:s:ave}
|
|
{cmdab:d:iff}
|
|
{cmdab:lab:el(}{it:string}{cmd:)}
|
|
{cmdab:b:rief}
|
|
{cmdab:max:cnt(}{it:#}{cmd:)}
|
|
{cmdab:noba:se}
|
|
{cmdab:nola:bel}
|
|
{cmdab:ys:tar}
|
|
{cmd:ept}
|
|
{cmdab:del:ta}
|
|
{cmdab:boot:strap}
|
|
{cmdab:rep:s(}{it:#}{cmd:)}
|
|
{cmdab:si:ze(}{it:#}{cmd:)}
|
|
{cmdab:bias:corrected}|{cmdab:percent:ile}|{cmdab:norm:al}
|
|
{cmd:match}
|
|
{cmdab:do:ts}
|
|
{cmdab:sa:ving(}{it:filename, save_options}{cmd:)}]
|
|
|
|
{p 4 4 2}
|
|
where {it:variables_and_values} is an alternating list of variables
|
|
and either numeric values or mean, median, min, max, upper, lower,
|
|
previous.
|
|
|
|
{p 4 4 2}
|
|
{it:stat} is either mean, median, min, max, upper, lower,
|
|
previous, grmean(group mean), mrmedian, grmin, grmax.
|
|
|
|
|
|
{title:Description}
|
|
|
|
{p 4 4 2}
|
|
After estimating a regression model, {cmd:prvalue} computes the
|
|
predicted values at specific values of the independent variables.
|
|
Depending on the model and the options chosen, predicted values can
|
|
be estimated values of y, y*, probabilities for each outcome, or expected rate.
|
|
By default, the predictions are calculated holding all other variables
|
|
at their mean. Values for specific independent variables can be set
|
|
using the x() option after {cmd:prvalue}. For example, to compute
|
|
predicted values when educ is 10 and age is 30, type {cmd:prvalue, x(educ=10 age=30)}.
|
|
Values for the unspecified independent variables can be set using the rest()
|
|
option, e.g., {cmd:prvalue, x(educ=10 age=30) rest(mean)}. Changes in
|
|
predictions as values of the independent variables change can be
|
|
computed using the {cmd:save} and {cmd:diff} options. The {cmd:if}
|
|
and {cmd:in} conditions specify conditions for computation of means,
|
|
min, etc., that are used with rest(). The command works with {help cloglog},
|
|
{help cnreg}, {help fit}, {help gologit}, {help intreg}, {help logistic},
|
|
{help logit}, {help mlogit}, {help nbreg}, {help ologit}, {help oprobit},
|
|
{help poisson}, {help probit}, {help regress}, {help rologit}, {help slogit}, {help tobit}, {help zinb},
|
|
{help ztnb}, and {help ztp}. Standard maximum likelihood based confidence intervals
|
|
are computed for cnreg, fit, intreg, regress, and tobit. All other models for which
|
|
confidence intervals are available use delta method as default except for {help zinb} and {help zip}.
|
|
Confidence intervals for {help zinb} and {help zip} can only use bootstrap method.
|
|
|
|
{title:Options}
|
|
|
|
{p 4 8 2}
|
|
{cmd:save} saves current values of indepenent variables and predictions
|
|
for computing changes using the diff option.
|
|
|
|
{p 4 8 2}
|
|
{cmd:diff} computes difference between current predictions and those
|
|
that were saved.
|
|
|
|
{p 4 8 2}
|
|
{cmd:label()} adds a label for the prvalue associated with a given
|
|
{cmd:save} or {cmd:diff}. Labels are shown when using {cmd:prvalue, diff}.
|
|
|
|
{p 4 8 2}
|
|
{cmd:level()} sets the {help level} of the confidence interval for predicted
|
|
values or probabilities for the commands for which these are provided. The
|
|
default is 95.
|
|
|
|
{p 4 8 2}
|
|
{cmd:maxcnt()} is the maximum count value for which the probability
|
|
is computed in count models. Default is 9.
|
|
|
|
{p 4 8 2}
|
|
{cmd:x()} sets the values of independent variables for calculating
|
|
predicted values. The list must alternate variable names and values.
|
|
The values may be either numeric values or can be mean, median, min,
|
|
max, previous, upper, or lower. The latter cannot be used if rest()
|
|
specifies a group summary statistic (e.g., grmean).
|
|
|
|
{p 4 8 2}
|
|
{cmd:rest()} sets the independent variables not specified in x()
|
|
to their {cmd:mean} (default), {cmd:minimum}, {cmd:maximum}, {cmd:median}
|
|
when calculating predicted values. {cmd:grmean} sets these independent
|
|
variables to the mean conditional on the variables and values specified
|
|
in x(); {cmd:grmedian},{cmd:grmax}, and {cmd:grmin} can also be used.
|
|
If {cmd:prvalue} has already been run after the last estimate,
|
|
{cmd:previous} will set unspecified variables to their prior values.
|
|
For models other than mlogit, {cmd:upper} and {cmd:lower} can be used
|
|
to set independent variables to their minimum or maximum depending
|
|
on which will yield the upper or lower extreme predicted value.
|
|
|
|
{p 4 8 2}
|
|
{cmd:all} specifies that any calculations of means, medians, etc.,
|
|
should use the entire sample instead of the sample used to estimate
|
|
the model.
|
|
|
|
{p 4 8 2}
|
|
{cmd:nolabel} uses values rather than value labels in output.
|
|
|
|
{p 4 8 2}
|
|
{cmd:nobase} suppresses inclusion of the base values of x in the output.
|
|
|
|
{p 4 8 2}
|
|
{cmd:brief} prints only limited output.
|
|
|
|
{p 4 8 2}
|
|
{cmd:ystar} prints the predicted values and maximum likelihood based
|
|
confidence intervals of ystar for binary, ordinal, ols regression,
|
|
or tobit models.
|
|
|
|
{p 4 8 2}
|
|
{cmd:ept} computes confidence intervals for predicted probabilities
|
|
for cloglog, logit, and probit by endpoint transformation.
|
|
This method cannot be used for changes in predictions.
|
|
|
|
{p 4 8 2}
|
|
{cmd:delta} calculates confidence intervals by the delta method
|
|
using analytical derivatives. This method works with cloglog, logistic,
|
|
logit, probit, ologit, oprobit, gologit, poisson, and nbreg.
|
|
|
|
{p 4 8 2}
|
|
{cmd:bootstrap} computes confidence intervals using the bootstrap
|
|
method. This method takes roughly 1,000 times longer to compute than
|
|
other methods. This method works with cloglog, logistic, logit, mlogit,
|
|
probit, ologit, oprobit, gologit, poisson, nbreg, zip, and zinb.
|
|
|
|
{p 4 8 2}
|
|
{cmd:dots} is used with bootstrap to write a . at the beginning of
|
|
each replication and periodically prints the percent of total
|
|
replications that have been completed. If computations appears to
|
|
be stuck (i.e., new dots do not appear), it is likely that the
|
|
estimation is not converging for the current bootstrap sample.
|
|
This is to be most common with zip, zinb and gologit.
|
|
When this happens, you can click on the break symbol to stop
|
|
computations for the current sample or wait until the maximum
|
|
number of iterations have been computed (by default, the maximum
|
|
number of iterations is 16,000). When a model does not converge
|
|
for a given bootstrap sample, that sample is dropped.
|
|
|
|
{p 4 8 2}
|
|
{cmd:match} specifies that the bootstrap will resample within
|
|
each category of the dependent variable in proportion to the
|
|
distribution of the outcome categories in the estimation sample.
|
|
If match is not specified, the proportions in each category of
|
|
the bootstrap sample are determined entirely by the random draw
|
|
and it is possible to end up with samples in which no cases are
|
|
found in some of the categories. This option does not apply to
|
|
regression or count models (cnreg, intreg, nbreg, poisson, regress,
|
|
tobit, zinb, and zip). Usually, bootstrapped confidence intervals
|
|
using match option tend to be smaller than those without.
|
|
|
|
{p 4 8 2}
|
|
{cmd:percentile} computes the bootstrapped confidence interval using
|
|
the percentile method. This is the default method for bootstrap.
|
|
|
|
{p 4 8 2}
|
|
{cmd:biascorrected} computes the bootstrapped confidence interval
|
|
using the bias-corrected method.
|
|
|
|
{p 4 8 2}
|
|
{cmd:normal} computes the bootstrapped confidence interval using
|
|
the normal approximation method.
|
|
|
|
{p 4 8 2}
|
|
{cmd:saving()} creates a Stata data file (.dta file) containing
|
|
the bootstrap distribution for predictions (predicted probabilities
|
|
and expected rates) and discrete changes in discrete choice models
|
|
that {cmd:prvalue} applies to.
|
|
|
|
|
|
{title:Examples}
|
|
|
|
{p 4 4 2}
|
|
To compute the predicted values and confidence intervals using delta method
|
|
for an ordered logit in which all independent variables are held at the mean.
|
|
|
|
{p 4 8 2}{cmd:.oprobit warm yr89 male white age ed prst}
|
|
|
|
{p 4 8 2}{cmd:.prvalue, delta}
|
|
|
|
{p 4 4 2}To compute predicted values and confidence intervals using
|
|
bootstrap method where all independent variables are held at their
|
|
minimum
|
|
|
|
{p 4 8 2}{cmd:.prvalue, rest(minimum) boot}
|
|
|
|
{p 4 4 2}
|
|
To compute values for white females, holding all other variables
|
|
at their median with default delta method for confidence intervals.
|
|
|
|
{p 4 8 2}{cmd:.prvalue, x(white=1 male=0) rest(median)}
|
|
|
|
{p 4 4 2}
|
|
To compute values for white females, holding all other variables at
|
|
the median for white females with default delta method for confidence
|
|
intervals.:
|
|
|
|
{p 4 8 2}{cmd:.prvalue, x(white=1 male=0) rest(grmedian)}
|
|
|
|
{p 4 4 2}
|
|
To compute values at the minimum of education, holding all other
|
|
variables to the mean with default delta method for confidence intervals.:
|
|
|
|
{p 4 8 2}{cmd:.prvalue, x(ed=min)}
|
|
|
|
{p 4 4 2}
|
|
To compare the predicted values and compute confidence intervals of discrete
|
|
changes for males and females using delta method:
|
|
|
|
{p 4 8 2}{cmd:.prvalue, x(male=0) save delta}
|
|
|
|
{p 4 8 2}
|
|
:::
|
|
|
|
{p 4 8 2}{cmd:.prvalue, x(male=1) dif delta}
|
|
|
|
{hline}
|
|
|
|
{p 2 4 2}Authors: J. Scott Long & Jun Xu{p_end}
|
|
{p 11 4 2}{browse www.indiana.edu/~jslsoc/spost.htm}{p_end}
|
|
{p 11 4 2}spostsup@indiana.edu{p_end}
|